Violent Video Games - 886 Words

Did you know that the average amount of time an 8-18 American child spends on video games per week is 8 hours? That’s a more than a whole school day! Many kids today are spending more and more time on video games. Not only is it damaging to the brain and body, but it also can cause insanity and dementia. Many of the mass murderers of the past have been found to play violent video games. Teens should not be permitted to play violent video games to ensure that they will not become aggressive. The foundation of the first video games was the CRT. The cathode ray tube (CRT) was first used by the US military in the 1940s for a missile defense system. It was the later adapted into video games in the 1950s. The first few video games had low†¦show more content†¦Adam’s obsessive â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† playing killed 28 people in total. Without violent types of video games, 28 people’s lives in one day may have been saved. American children aged 8-18 play an average of 8 hours a day (Kaiser Foundation). Teens that play violent video games have been found to have influences on their behavior. For example, kids who play violent video games tend to become more aggressive. These kids also have a higher chance of getting in fights with their classmates and friends. They will also have a drastic decline in school achievements and grades (Palo Alto Medical Foundation). Scientists have found that some games will engage your brain for hours causing a higher possibility of dementia and Alzheimer’s. The only reason kids play video games is because of their attraction to fantasy. Video games are scientifically proven to have a big impact because people who play them are usually still learning about how to act in life. Kids who don’t play video games will succeed more in life and will have a less likely chance of getting into trouble. The influence of video games has been debated for many years now. Many studies have been made to try and see the truth. One study in Italy consisted of 172 students aged between 13 and 19 (NY Times). Two groups were made. One of the groups would play non-violent games like mini golf. The other group would play violent games like â€Å"Call of Duty† and â€Å"Grand Theft Auto†. Three tests were used to compare self control,Show MoreRelatedViolent Games And Violent Video Games1122 Words   |  5 PagesAs video game images become increasingly more realistic and graphic. Therefore, is there any link between the violence depicted in those games and violence in real life? Students are the main group people who played violent video games very often. Also, losing a game causes many people to have a negative impact. Last, the attitudes on violent game and antisocial. Games are everywhere around us, such as cellphones, televisions, or computers, but violent games are the most po pular type of game. TheRead MoreVideo Game : Violent Video Games927 Words   |  4 PagesThe video game industry possible causing behavioral problems for people of all ages. Video game violence isn’t breaking news for years people have played games with murder and sexual innuendos. People ask why violent video games are so attractive, maybe it’s a way to escape from real life or even therapeutic. History shows us that human being like violence, in roman time gladiators killed people and animals for sport with huge number of people as an audience. Today the video game industry has foundRead MoreVideo Games and Violent Video Games Effect1225 Words   |  5 Pages A video game is â€Å"an electronic game in which players control images on a television or computer screen† (Merriam-Webster). Video games have been entertaining and challenging gamers since the Game Boy to modern console games. Despite the simplicity of the definition of video games, a video game, especially ones containing violence can have a large effect on the gamer. Because of the realism and advancements in the video game industry, video games can influence the player, and can make the gamerRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Violent Video Games1626 Words   |  7 PagesDavis English III 27 March 2015 Video Game Violence Violent video games have been being created since the first console. Yet only recently have we been blaming them for aggression in the player. We as humans have a tendency to blame our violent behavior on other things rather thin ourselves. Now aggression is being defined in many ways in this situation but mainly people point to the anger that’s brought out in the real world after the game or maybe it’s the gamers’ tendency to haveRead MoreViolent Video Games Are Violent1677 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Violent Video Games Effect The future of entertainment revolves around technology which perhaps has caused video games to become more and more realistic over time. Although they often are entertaining, the contents have become more violent and disturbing as computing technology has become much more advanced. These days, the popularity of violent video games has caused an increase in controversy. Many parents and researchers say the video games are now becoming too violent. The violent videoRead MoreVideo Game And Violent Video Games1574 Words   |  7 PagesAlong with the rapid development of the internet in recent years, game and violence game have become companions of young people. We could not deny the fact that video game already has strong attraction for many people. Especially in today’s society, when work pressure is growing, gaming is an effective solution to relieve tension, dispel feeling of fatigue, anxiety. Playing the normal video game, which it not include any violence scenes, plus regul atory reasonable playing time can help players relaxedRead MoreRegulation of Violent Video Games2128 Words   |  8 PagesIssue: Video games are the primary source of entertainment for children nowadays. Be it in form of Wii Games, Nintendo or Xbox; children nowadays seems to be practically smitten with video games. It was also shown as evidence in some cases that the influence of such games is so huge that few children start speaking and acting like characters in the video games. Many video games, dating back to 1976’s Death Race, contain some or other aspect of violence, such as killing the bad person, driving dangerousRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Violent Video Games2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The issue of video game violence seems to be a hot topic right now after several shootings have occurred and made a connection to the shooters being video gamers. In looking at past research it is apparent that there seems to large amounts of research that contradict one work to another. Although I would have been interested in conducting a poll of the publics opinion regarding the use of violent video games and their connection to mass shootings I was not able to conduct the researchRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 PagesOn television, iPads, cell phones, and even specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? PsychologistsRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Behavior1460 Words   |  6 Pages Video Games and Violent Behavior Jessi Moffett CRJ 385 September 15, 2015â€Æ' Intro Technology is an important aspect of change in our world. As time goes on, we are introduced to more and more technology every year, which includes media such as video games. The increase of technology has also increased and improved the world including ways of communicating and distribution of information. More often used outlets of media are those used for entertainment purposes, like television, internet and

D Day During World War II - 1319 Words

D-Day During World War II (1939-1945), D-Day, or the Battle of Normandy, was the turning point in the Allied attempt to liberate Western Europe from Nazi control. The invasion involved 326,000 British, American, and Canadian troops spread among five beaches. The Allies were victorious due to Nazi mistakes. Hitler, believing the attack was simply a diversion to distract the Germans from an attack north of the Seine River, withheld reinforcements and support from armored units. This gave the Allies a significant advantage however, the Allied manpower and the superiority of Allied air support would make D-Day an Allied victory. As a result, France was liberated and the advancement of troops to Berlin began. Simultaneously, Hitler’s attempted genocide of Jews had been in effect since the beginning of the war in 1939. This time period, known as the Holocaust, resulted in the death of over six million Jews incarcerated in concentration camps. These camps were being run without oppos ition until the invasion of Normandy. The Allied forces often encountered Nazi concentration camps spread throughout Western Europe and were liberated upon arrival. The novel, Night, by Elie Wiesel depicts the typical experience and eventual liberation of the camp Buchenwald. D-day’s impact on World War II and eventual impact on the liberation of concentration camps influenced Elie Wiesel the writer of, Night. World War II was initiated by Adolf Hitler of the Nazi Party, Germany. This group ofShow MoreRelatedD Day During World War II1336 Words   |  6 PagesHuff History 9 December, 2015 D-Day D-day was a massive turning point in World War II and it gave the allies a chance to fight back against the axis. World War II also known as the Second World War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. It all began on 1 September, 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and theRead MoreD Day During World War II1556 Words   |  7 PagesD-Day During World War II, the Nazis wreaked havoc across the European countries, particularly France. The Battle of Normandy was the major battle that resulted in the liberation of the French from Nazi control. This engagement lasted from June 1944 to August 1944. The battle was codenamed Operation Overlord, or more commonly known as D-Day which began on June 6th, 1944. A few months before D-Day was carried out, General Dwight Eisenhower was appointed to command the D-Day landings. His plan beforeRead MoreD Day During The World War II1585 Words   |  7 PagesThere are a lot of days throughout the landing on Normandy on June 6th, 1944, to get the Germans out of Paris, which then lead to pushing them out of France in late August 1944. D-day was a significant day because it helped end World War Two . It was the day that had started the chain effect to ending World war Two, an example of this is on December 16, 1945, the Battle of the Bulge. This was when the last of Germany s troops went 50 mile across the Allies defences creating what is known as a bulgeRead MoreD Day During World War II Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesa prime example of this is D-Day. D-Day, or the Normandy landings, changed the course of history and will live in infamy forever. The people taking part in it then may not have known it then, but what they were taking part in would have effects on the world for years and years to come. D-Day had a major impact on Western Civilization because it led to the eventual end of World War II, the collapse of the Nazi party in Germany, and the liberation of Europe. Part II D-Day occurred on June 6th, 1944Read MoreD Day During World War II1852 Words   |  8 Pagesbrave Allied soldiers who partook in The Battle of Normandy, also known as D-Day. It marked the turning point of World War II in Europe and although there were other pivotal battles in Europe, Middle East and North Africa like Stalingrad, Tobruk, and the Battle of the Bulge, none matched its importance. No single battle was more significant to the Allied victory over Germany and the future of post war Western Europe than D-Day. It provided the Allies with a long awaited second front to combat theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of D Day And Ve Day During World War II901 Words   |  4 PagesPOLITICAL TELEVISION ADS 1952 The presidential nominee for the Republican Party was Eisenhower, while for the Democrats, it was Adlai Stevenson. Eisenhower’s ads focused on Eisenhower as the general who lead American troops to victory in D-Day and VE-Day during World War II. Stevenson’s messages focused on civil liberty and equality for all Americans regardless of race, class or any other demographic. An advertisement for Stevenson featuring a female singer singing a song that portrayed Stevenson as theRead MoreWorld War II : A Brutal And Long War1088 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II happened during the time that women wanted more rights and wanted to be able to work. So when World War II happened, it created new job opportunities and women were able and willing to work. The war was fought between two alliances that was against each other, â€Å"the opposing alliances are now referred to as ‘The Axis’ and ‘The Allies’. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Jap an. The Allies group consisted of France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. World WarRead MoreGovernor Livingston High School : Sergeant Curtis Maddox : An Average American Soldier1731 Words   |  7 Pagesin World War II for two years by 1941. The two major powers in the war were the Axis Powers and the Allied Powers. Germany, Italy, and Japan were the key players in the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers chief countries were Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. America attempted to remain neutral, as it did not want to enter another world war, but on December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. This forced America to declare war on Japan the next day. Germany and Italy then declared war onRead MoreReflection Lord Of The Flies862 Words   |  4 Pagesas a naval officer during World War II. Golding’s service gave him a deeper look on life and contributed to the novel’s image. As Golding described, World War II gave him the chance to become self aw are of his falsified beliefs about ‘human nature by showing him the true human condition’ (Golding 1). Lord of the Flies was told to be as â€Å"an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature†( Golding 18). Golding based Lord of the Flies on his World War II experiences whichRead MoreWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From then on, countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and many others fought vigorously until a victory was achieved. World War II officially began after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. The war was made up of a series

TLC the group Free Essays

Duggan Shimon GDP dog tech length Kath Seven months later, T-Boz and Chilli released the group’s fourth album 3D, hich sold 2 million copies worldwide, scored the Top 40 hit â€Å"Girl Talk†, and earned two Grammy Awards nominations. It featured previously unreleased vocals from Left Eye. Billboard magazine ranked TLC as one of the greatest musical trios. We will write a custom essay sample on TLC the group or any similar topic only for you Order Now [5] Between 1992 and 2002, the band had ten top ten singles, four number one singles, four multi-platinum albums, and won fiveGrammy Awards. At the end of 1999, TLC was ranked as the seventh most successful act of the 1990s by Billboard. In 2008, the roup was inducted into the All Time Hot 100 Artist Hall of Fame by the same magazine, at 56th place. That year it was also listed as the #25 R;B/hip-hop artist of the preceding 25 years. [6] According to the RIAA, TLC has sold more than 23 million albums and 6. 5 million singles in the United States alone. How to cite TLC the group, Papers

Role Of Perceived Friendship SelfEfficacy - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Role Of Perceived Friendship Self?Efficacy. Answer: Introduction Relationships are what shape the society and the bond, which binds the individuals to create the society (Sartori, 2016). The society in the terms of the psychological level is bound by the rules and norms that are supposed to be followed. When these social norms meddle with the relationships which bind the society it creates a number of issues. In the present society, the majority of the psychological issues due to affected relationships are faced by youths aged 18-25 years (Sharabi, Delaney Knobloch, 2016). The young adult or the youth phase is one of the major transitory phases of human life and it is during this time that the major physiological and the psychological changes take place. The changes in the body induce changes that might be tough for the young people to understand. The changes in hormonal level added to the psychological development and the social peer pressure causes many changes among the young adults of 18-25 year old age group (Bajaj, Robins Pande, 2016). The social changes with the increasing competition in the society and work place often lead to depression. These changes lead to a number of issues among the youth such as anxiety and depression. The cause of the depression in the youth is majorly due to the changes in the social patterns and the interactions of the society that the individual has. The changing patterns of the social behavior and the rise of the multiculturalism affecting the relationship of the adults with the society are also affecting the socia l patterns (Arbona Jimenez, 2014). The growth in the social networking sites as a platform of interaction among young adults is also a major factor affecting their relationships. The changes in the society will bring about major changes in the interaction patterns and the changed behaviors, which young adults perceive as identity clash affecting their behavioral patterns in the society. The growth and development of the society depends on these young adults and the changes they perceive in the society are extremely important keeping in mind the overall social environment. The relationships of the individuals affect them and their social behavior a great deal, as they change the way the youth interacts with the society and their own projected perception about themselves. The disparity in these two selves of the individual leads to a mental clash and turmoil leading to the various mental diseases among the youth. The cause of the depression is mainly the anxiety of the social pressur e to maintain a lifestyle in comparison with others in the surroundings. The relationships of the youth are suffering due to a number of reasons such as generation gap, communication issues, social pressure, changing lifestyles and multiculturalism. The change in the behavioral pattern of the youth is mainly due the changes they see in among their peers. It is usually the constant need for freedom prevalent in the modern society, which is making the youth confused in the dealings of the various relationships and they are expected to adjust their lifestyle to keep up with the society and the social changes. The overall change in the social interactive environment is what affects the mental wellbeing of the individuals (Lin, Dean Ensel, 2013). Moreover, the change in the social relationship patters also takes a toll on the youth. The early concept of romantic relationship has changed with time and there are a number of issues that affect the social behavior and the interaction patterns of youth. The change in the social interaction pattern is due to the change in the communication strategies. The change in the thinking of the youth regarding being open about their sexuality and relationships also affect their mental health. The o verall changes in the mindset of the youth develop a generation gap among thefamilies, which hamper their relationship with their parents causing a number of issues. The earlier generation tends to live by the social norms and mores of the society, which a child is taught since an early age. This teaching blended with the modern society and the changes, which it is undergoing, puts the individual into a number of moral conflicts causing them to develop depression (Reynolds Crea, 2015). One of the major reasons of the depression among the youth is the poly amorous relationships, which they develop. It has been noted that the majority of the young population suffers from the decisions to be made in a poly amorous relationships. Most of the youngsters today are involved in poly amorous relationship and have difficulties in choosing a single partner among the leading to different mental pressures leading to depression. Moreover, the flawed concept of independence in relationship among the youth hampers their relationship causing them to be depressed and pressurized. Most of the issues are due to the lack of trust among the partners in romantic relationships and the constant dependence on the social media as a judging platform of ones behavior in the society (Marshal et al., 2013). The changes in the lifestyle patterns are also affecting the relationship of the youth and therefore the mental health. The changes in the lifestyle of the individuals hamper their relationships leading to the issues and depression, the changes in the society. the relationships of the young individuals suffer due to their over dependence on digital communication and their tendency to keep in touch with their partners for a longer period of time leading to a number of issues such as overdependence and withdrawal symptoms from the society (Connolly et al., 2014). The overdependence on digital relationships is also affecting the social and the casual relationships of the youth. The depression among the youth is prevalent due to the diminishing social interaction in the social surroundings and the constant changes in the interactive patterns with time. The developmental patterns of the youth in the contemporary society is causing them to be more self concerned and less compassionate towa rds the society affecting their social relationships (Dor etal., 2016). The relationship and change in the behavioral patterns with time among the youth has caused a number of issues, as they tend to have a clash between the earlier social norms and the present changing and the developmental society. The depression among the youth is one of the major causes of the growing cases of teenage suicides. The relationships of the youth suffer due to the inconsistencies among the behavioral patterns. The romantic and familial relationships of the youth suffer today due to the constant changes that they go through in the different phases and the pressure of the surrounding (Anderson, Salk Hyde, 2015). The youth suffering from depression also does not behave well with the people around them causing them to suffer and drift away from the individual causing more depression. Review Methods The research concentrates on a number of issues that youth may face causing and leading to depression and how the relationships and the changes in the society cause it. The overall interaction patterns of the youth and its effects of the behavior of the people in the different societies. In this research, the different relationships and their changes overtime causing the depression among the youth are analyzed in detail. The question posed in this research is To what extent the relationships are responsible for the depression in youth? It is necessary in this research to understand the cause of the relationships and the changes that the youth go through in the relationships. The changes in the behavioral patterns in the relationships and the expectations of the youths in the relationships causing them to be depressed are also to be analyzed. T he psychological analysis of the youth is necessary in this study as the study deals with depression and the causes of depression are purely psychological and affected by the changes in the social patterns (Paetzold, Rholes Kohn, 2015). This study is necessary to understand the extent to which the internal factors are responsible for clinical psychological issues such as depression. The society mostly relates depression to the corporate culture and the rising competition but it should also be understood that a number of youth suffer from depression due to the changing relationship patterns. Unstable relationships among the youth also cause a number of issues as it affects their self-esteem and the social balance of their lives. The stigma related to the constant shift in relationship patterns and the change in the social expectations of the relationship cause the individual to be depressed (Neff Beretvas, 2013). The depression, which is prevalent among youth due to the relationships, should be curtailed as they might affect the social and behavioral changes in the individual (Neff Beretvas, 2013). The psychological issues affect the social life and the work output of the youths and they might face the consequences of early age depression throughout their life. The psychological issues that the individual faces in life cause them to suffer from a number of chronic diseases. The psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression affecting the youth also affect the overall output of the country. Inclusion criteria The main purpose of the current research paper is to understand if depression is somehow caused by various forms of social relationships and, if so, then to what degree. Too coherently fathom the extent of this, every form of socially constructed, acknowledged and developed relationships are taken into account and analyzed to establish the research question Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Journals on mental instability Journals written in other languages Journals within the year 2012- 2017 Journals before the years of 2012 Medical journals from Pub med and sage Journals not stating mental disorders and psychological conditions Journals in English Journals taken from other sources Designing and sample: To gather relevant data to facilitate in the research, a sample size of depends on the data collected in the different researches in the organization. The youths are required to undergo a psychological analysis to understand their form of depression as well as how do they themselves perceive their own depression. Further notes shall be taken as to how they think their depression is related to their relationship with another person (Luciano Orth, 2017). The different researches depending on the relationship of the youth is selected from the year ranging from 2005- 2018. The research focusses on the development of the youth and their emotions in a relationship. No form of discrimination is entertained in the paper, as psychological behavioral patterns are not influenced by race, gender or age, but is much more affected by the cultural background of a person. The research is designed and conducted using the different data collected from the various sources and as p er reviewed articles from the internet. The entire research combines sociology and psychological views to understand whether social norms and expectations out of a relationship is in any way related to depression or accentuate the same. Data collection The data collection process consists of collection of the data from a number of different sources such as the peer reviewed journals and articles. The different journal based on the psychological health and the mood related disorders are reviewed to understand their implications on the life of the youth and their mental health. Literature review There are a number of researches and journals, which discuss the causes of depression and how it affects the overall growth and development of the youth in the society. The changes in the youths behavior patterns due to the depression faced by them is another topic of discussion. A number of researches and depression shows there are a number of issues that continue to plague the new generation. The changes in the social and the growth pattern of the youth affect the emotional and the psychological states of the people (Barton, Barkin Miller, 2017). The overall issues faced by the youth are researched and there are various reasons to which the rise of the depression can be attributed in the modern society. According to major research there is a link between the increasing depression in the present society and the co-rumination attitude among the youth. The co-rumination attitude among the youth is the leading cause of the depression as it emphasizes on the negative ideas and feeds it into the minds of the youth. The co-rumination behavior is on rise among the youth and with the advent of the social media usage in the society. This behavior leads to the setting of the negative emotion among the young adults and it hampers their relationships. The hampering of relationships increases the feeling of negativity in their lives, which causes them to develop signs of depression (Balsamo et al., 2015). The ever increasing attitude causes negative effect on the overall social behavior of the youths, which make them more prone to depression. Co-rumination also affects the youths social behaviors as it affects their behavior causing depression. The depression among the youth is also due the need of the social acceptance of their ideas among their peers, which on not being fulfilled causes a number of sociological issues. The co-rumination about their romantic partners among the youths as they are more affected by the views of their peers regarding the relationship than their own ideas. This ideological clash affects their relationship and causes them to be greatly affected by the sociological and ideological pressures (Ha, et al., 2014). The constant feeling of being wrong or flawed and insecurity of the fact that people may talking behind their own backs also affects their relationships with their own friends and their romantic partners. This depression alienates the individual from their social circle leading to a number of issues. The social interactions based on the negative emotional contact affects the social life of the individuals leading to an overall negative environment, which adversely affects the psyche of the individual. The social acceptance and the need for appraisal has greatly increased among the youths which makes them refrain from performing their regular course of actions and it makes them more and more nervous and self conscious. The constantly increasing social demand among the individuals regarding the requirements and need of the society makes them feel incapable and increases the low self-esteem prevalence among them. The depression among the youth in this scenario is due the different negative emotions dwelling from the different social interactions such as friends and romantic partners (Afram, Kashdan, 2015). The generation gap and the growth multiculturalism is another reason for the depression in youth as it affects the familial relationship among the youth (Soller, 2014). This is the kind of depression usually seen in the immigrant families, where the generation gap occurs due to the changes in the ideological environment of the parents and the children. It is usually seen that the families, which shift from one culture to another usually, face this dilemma. The oriental culture is mostly patriarchal with limited or no freedom to the children from an early age. When these parents shift to the western world they tend to stick to their own roots and culture whereas the children who are born in these countries imbibe the culture of these countries, which are based on more free society(Salvador, Devargas Feldstein Ewing, 2015). These cultural clashes within the family along with the patriarchal pressure of the families lead to a number of issues, which the individuals face. Moreover, the c onstant conflict at home affects the psychological state of the youths, which make them socially awkward leading to social exclusion which in turn causes depression. The constant conflict among the youth to retain to their in house culture and adapt to the culture that they are a part of causes serious moral conflicts among them, which again leads to psychological issues. The cultural and the moral conflict are not the only reason where the generation gap is evident in the life of the youth. The changes and the development in the society with the rising multiculturalism is also the reason of the clashes within the different generations in the family. The fast paced and the modern changing culture does not usually go well with the families, which cause them to divulge on the path of modern ideology (Marroqun Nolen-Hoeksema, 2015). The modern culture, which has developed in the society, has led to differences among the families regarding the acceptance of technology and the universal approach among the younger generations. The youths do not want to follow certain norms such as religions and customs, which they feel, are binding them and this leads to a clash in the families and they affect the overall development of the psyche of the youth. The psyche of the youth is developed according the society they are brought up in and the environment they are in . On the other hand, their parents want to inculcate in the youth the ideologies of the ethnic culture they belong in. this creates a major turmoil in the youth to maintain the ideologies of his parents and be a fit in the society. This cultural clash often leads to depression among the youth. These ideological clashes also affect the other relationships of the youth making them prone to a number of sociological dogmas, which leads to depression among them. Romantic relationships and the various aspects of the same have been portrayed by the kindest manner possible by poets and other great writers. However, the actual grimace and the darker part of it that is related to depression have often been ignored by them until very recently. Romantic relationships entail many different changes in the view points and ideological changes in recent times, due to globalization and other influences of multiculturalism. Romantic relationships can entail multiple issues that can lead to depression and other mental instabilities (La Greca Harrison, 2005). Problems with the partner is one of the most common factors for a person to be feeling depressed. Even the participants, who were rejected from the research because they were observed to be sad rather than being clinically depressed, were observed to be most disturbed due to relationships that had romantic attachments more than any other form of relationship. The members of the research were also found to be most affected by romantic relationships the most. One of the best examples of this aspect is the feeling of a person who underwent a bad experience despite having long-term relationship with another person. Long term relationships entail a certain sense of security that can be of huge comfort for many people. Loosing that sense and place of comfort can render most people to be experiencing severe depression. When a place of comfort and security is taken away from a person, it may cause serious mental issues (Rholes, 2017). One thing must be noted here in particular: despite the urban myth of females suffering more from this sort of situations, it was observed that both male and female participants gave answers that showed that both the genders feel depression in equally profound manner. Another aspect of this can again be attributed to changing perceptions about love and an overall change as to the whole concept of having multiple partners. Many people in todays world believe that multiple partners are a common phenomenon and there is no form of guilt that should be attached to it. The basic problems here is that, not everyone feels the same way and it can be a problems for someone to accept that his or her partner is also romantically involved with another person (Rholes, 2017). While it is absolutely common to feel so, it is also fact that the human mind cannot be controlled so easily and evolutionary traits of the humans do not often conform to the basic instincts. These problems and differences in the view point can also lead to serious problems between two people who are involved in a romantic manner. Even among people who belong to the same generation and even in the same age group, it is possible to have drastically contrasting views relating to moralistic bi ndings and limitations of being in a relationship with another person. It is not easy to accept different views very easily and this can very well result in serious problems and, ultimately, depression. Analysis The previous articles and journals have all shown to be trying to understand depression from the perspective of relationships that are of romantic nature. Very few works have been observed that have tried to correlate other social relationships to depression. The present paper is more focused in this exact same area: to understand if other socially constructed relationships are as important an attribute to depression as romantic ones, or are they simply negligible. The paper found out some interesting aspects of depression while the research was being conducted and finally deduced to the results. The research analysis showed that a general trend is in fact existing between other socially accepted relationships and depression: romantic encounters, though being the most emphasized upon and reviewed or discussed aspect of it, is not the only reason for depression originating from a relationship. Relationship with the family members and stress due to that is also vital for the mental well-being of a person and depression is often caused because of the strife between a person and her or his family regarding some issue. Further understanding that the research yielded was that other social relationships that lie outside these two forms also have significant impact on a person in many cases. Dispute with a very close friend has been observed to be one of the most important reasons as told by many research participants who resulted in the person feeling seriously depressed (Goldberg Tienda, 2017). While commencing the analysis of the results of the research and trying to correlate it to the general trends and views of the previously executed researches, a basic rule had been adopted and set as the governing measure: not to hold any discrimination based on anything. Cast, creed, gender and religious aspects have been all rejected. Many of the research participants portrayed an idea that have been jittering considering how different it is as compared to previously held beliefs: many placed friendship above romantic relationships. These people were seen to be less prone to depression as they considered themselves to have the support that helped them to withstand issues originating from romantic relationships. Even though they were less affected by romantic or family problems and could handle the pressure better when having a close friend, it was observed that they also acknowledged that problems with their friends resulted in even more profound depressive phases compared to negative feelings resulting from romantic relationships. This reverence of friendship above love and other conjugal relationships is a distant shift from the established notion that love is the strongest form of attachment (Davila, et al, 2017). Family was also given a high status by the participants and problems with the family members was also accepted as a major issue that could lead to deep depressions. Most of the research participants suffering from depression were young adults and all of them said that they have problems with their family members (Roberts, et al., 2016). Most if these problems arose due to ideological clashes and differences between the objective worldview of the members from different generations. Generation gap is a thing that is bound to exist and the problems relating to that are also highly significant for every person. In many cases, the older family members are disapproving of the lifestyle and the worldview of the younger members of the family and this ideological clash can often result in severe problems between the people involved in a social relationship. Social changes are most often propelled by a broader worldview and with the advent of the internet and the rise of the concept of a global village have further induced the speed of this process. With the difference of opinion becoming much easily reachable by almost anyone with an internet connection, different cultures and their views have also become more common to the people. This has presented with the exciting opportunity to learn about many different aspects on how to approach an issue. This has given rise to the concept of multiculturalism, which has been a prime reason for taking a broader view of things. Globalization and multiculturalism can be attributed as two of the most influencing reasons as to why ideological clashes with the previous generations are observed so often. Most of the younger people perceive their previous generations views on various things as outdated and obsolete in the modern era and establishing their own views as the relatable ones (Pelucchi, et al. , 2015). This shift can become highly problematic if done drastically and a random change is established. Interpretation of Data and Evidences The collected data have been analyzed and have been reflected against the self-views, observations and perceptions of the participants of the research. Before the research process was commenced, the fifty participants were given a psycho-analysis to understand how many of them are actually showing viable signs of depression. After the analysis of the youths were done, it was observed that only twenty among the fifty participants were actually suffering from depression. While the others thought they were suffering from the same, it was actually not the case. Signs of chronic depression and acute forms of it were not present in every youth, despite what they thought they were experiencing was depression. To interpret the collected data, a mostly sociological point of view was adopted so that a social background to the relationships can be understood: after all, the purpose of the paper is to describe how depression is related to different relationship that foster manifest within the social decorum and settings. While analyzing the collected data from the secondary sources and also from the observation, many previously done articles have also been consulted to understand why are the results displaying the trends that they are showing. The mutual correlation between the collected data trends and the psychological analyses of other researchers have been elaborated in the next section. The youth participants who displayed signs of medical depression like anxiety issues, introvert behavior were all observed to have some sort of relational problems with another person. The magnitude varied, but the essence was almost the same. Romantic relationships and relationships with the parents were observed to be the two most significant drivers of depression. Only forty percent of the research subjects were diagnosed with acute depression, while others were not. The other people who thought they to be suffering from depression were actually experiencing profound and deepened sadness (Fitzpatrick Bussey, 2014). Youth and Monogamous Relationships The results that were generated from the research showed a high number of youths in the age group of 18 to 20 as the most vulnerable and susceptible to depression resulting from romantic encounters. On the other hand, the age groups of 18 and 21/22 were observed to be more prone to parental issues and depression experiences due to ideological clashes of the two generations (Huq, Stein Gonzalez, 2016). Many of the youths showed signs that they were more confused about a particular relationship and that made them more distraught, leading to depression. About five to seven percent of the participants said that they are undergoing mental pressure and other issues because of both a romantic reason as well as familial issues. The 18 to 20 age groups had shown the trends that they yet do not have specific partner, but are involved with multiple ones. Polyamorous relationships were not absent from the research results. However, monogamous romantic relationships were still fond to be more do minant among the others (Rice, et al., 2014) Most of the teenagers said that they have major issues with their parents and almost none of the parents were looked as people who could properly comprehend the mental conditions of their children. Many of the participants felt that their parents actions were opposite to their own ideological views and in a way made it difficult for the participants to accept their parents behaviors. An interesting fact to be noted here is, this disapproval or disagreement with the parents were not limited only to the personal family sphere: the participants also expressed their strong disagreement about their parents behavior that were shown to the others or other family members (Nesi Prinstein, 2015). For example, one participant confessed to have a huge issue with how his parent treat their subordinates in the professional sector, despite admitting that he is a loving father who cares for his family above everything. However, this contrast of the character of the parent in different zones adverse ly affected the participant and dilemma that was created by this led to depression over a prolonged time span (Smokowski, et al., 2015). Romantic relationships were obviously found to be one of the major reasons behind depression. There has a been a marked shift in the ideologies of the modern youths that have been noticed in the current paper: while monogamy is still dominant, many of the participants have displayed their absolute belief and preference to polyamory and polygamy. While these people accept that they do not conform to the views of their previous generations, they also have strong logic themselves to justify their own views and other aspects (Okamura, et al., 2016). For example, one particular youth, aged 22 perfectly summed up the entire disposition by relating the human evolution with modern day perceptions of love and concluding that humans have remained polygamous throughout evolution and only the civilization of the last two centuries have imposed the idea that monogamy is the norm. While this participant rejects the previous generations views, he also confesses to undergo tremendous mental pressure and experiencing depression, since his ideas are also disapproved by his family and most of his friends. This aspect of his beliefs also affects his romantic relationships where he cannot meet anyone who accepts his beliefs either, resulting in depression once more. This way, both his romantic life and relationship with the family are being affected and both are attributing to his depressive state (Blais Renshaw, 2014). There have not been observed any general trend that could be encompassing every reason for depression stemming from every social relationship. However, separate trends for either the romantic reasons or ideological differences could be seen and understood. Generation gap seems to play a major role here in the case of ideological clashes with the family members (Baskin, Quintana Slaten, 2014). On the other hand, romantic encounters seem to be highly influenced by various issues that can somehow be understood from a social change point of view. Social changes are again prompted by globalization to some extent. Social stress is a vital issue and any social relationship involves some degree of the same. Despite being two completely different sets of causes that perpetuate to depression, maybe these changes can still be boiled down to one simple aspect: globalization. Globalization, again, can be viewed as the issue that has given birth to the idea of multiculturalism: different approach es to the same issues based on culture and other issues and environment that a person is exposed to while growing up (Kim, 2016). Multiculturalism has brought in entirely new aspects and views that advocate liberalism and acceptance of the differences that the individuals have. This simple change of idea has made the modern day youths to develop ideas and views that are seen to be in stark contrast to their own by the previous generations. Even some members of the younger generations are also affected by this heavily and still hold on to the old teachings and views that are often very narrow in nature. This clash of basic ideologies and principles have also contributed significantly to the occurrence of depression. Discussion One of the most common forms of relationship-depression driver is expectations of human beings. Whatever may the relationship of a person be with another, there are always some degree of expectations that one person has from another and if these expectations are not met with, it is very possible that those people who undergo some form of mental pressure, which may ultimately lead to severe cases of depression. Parents expectations of their children is one of the most common forms of dissatisfaction due to social relationships, along with romantic bonds between two people. These dissatisfactions often plummet people into deep depressions and cause them to undergo acute mental suffering (Thomas Bowker, 2015). Even when two people are not involved in a social relationship but feel strongly for each other. These feelings can be both mutual as well as only one sided, where only one person feels emotional attraction and/or attachment towards another, while the other simply does not. Unreq uited love is also a very common issue that can result in heightened depression and other mental problems. Mental problems also can infuriate or amplify physical degradation. These issues can lead to long-term problems, creating a lot of hindrance for the individuals (Chow Ruhl, 2014). Self-expectations and self-esteem are also correlated and these two often are simultaneously influenced and resulted by each other. Constant moving into and away from relationships and being indecisive of ones own, self can lead to depression that cannot be easily dealt with, since the entire argument and counter argument dilemma is within one person. These situations are incredibly tricky, since the depression is caused by the mental perception of one person, while the other person who is involved in the relationship may have no idea about the issue that is being going on. Actions and behaviors of the parents also have profound and long lasting implications on the mental development and perception of the children (Marengo, Rabaglietti Tani, 2017). Ideological differences are bound to exist between any two people and when the actions of the parents are looked by the children as opposite to their own moralistic views, depression may set in. relationship between friends and other family members are given ample importance in the paper to understand how relationship affects depression. The current paper delves deep into the many facets of social relationships and more or less tries to understand every form of those relationships to give cohesive ideas as to how either of them are influenced or originated by the other. The paper establishes correlation using collected data from the youths and their psychological analyses, as well as a social analysis that would be serving as the bridging link between relationships and depression by acting as a social preceptor (Stein Polo, 2014). Conclusion From the research, it can be concluded that the research paper did, ultimately, manage to successfully draw correlations between relationships and feelings of depression. One of the most notable things that have been delved into in this paper is the aspect of other forms of social relationships and simply not limiting the research to the area of romantic relations. This broader take on the approach to depression have presented with the opportunity to dabble with many more aspects with relationships, every form of it, and to use many more examples from various areas to clearly justify the correlations between feelings of depression and relationships. Issues with the family members have always been thought to be significant for the childrens psychological well-being. This paper has also shown the magnitude of the same and has concluded that it is indeed very important to maintain a good and loving family so that the younger members are not throttled into a depressive state. While it is common for a young person to feel a surge of adverse emotions and feel depressed if the parents are going through a divorce, simple disputes regarding ideologies and views also have significant impact upon them. What has been a startling new finding in this paper is the newfound aspect of the levied importance upon friendship. Couples have even been seen to think that after parting ways with their respective partners, friendship is the thing about the past relationship that they will miss more than the actual romantic side of the same. These changes in the very basic ideologies and views have altered the entire scenario as to why do the youth feel depressed. To draw a conclusion, it can be said that, depression is indeed correlated to relationships. Finally, it must be remembered that there is not only one form of social relationship that contributes to depression, rather certain degree of influencing the same can be found in every form of socially constructed relationship. Moreover, it should be affirmed that the depression of a youth and the reasons for its origin is also highly related to the priorities of the individuals and how one views a relationship: which relationship they think is more important than the other. Hence, at hindsight, it all comes down to personal views and perceptions. References Afram, A., Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Coping with rejection concerns in romantic relationships: An experimental investigation of social anxiety and risk regulation.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science,4(3), 151-156. Anderson, S. F., Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S. (2015). Stress in romantic relationships and adolescent depressive symptoms: Influence of parental support.Journal of Family Psychology,29(3), 339. Arbona, C., Jimenez, C. (2014). Minority stress, ethnic identity, and depression among Latino/a college students.Journal of Counseling Psychology,61(1), 162. Bajaj, B., Robins, R. W., Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression.Personality and Individual Differences,96, 127-131. Balsamo, M., Carlucci, L., Sergi, M. R., Murdock, K. K., Saggino, A. (2015). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between co-rumination and depression in young adults.PloS one,10(10), e0140177. Barton, Y. A., Barkin, S. H., Miller, L. (2017). Deconstructing depression: A latent profile analysis of potential depressive subtypes in emerging adults.Spirituality in Clinical Practice,4(1), 1. Baskin, T. W., Quintana, S. M., Slaten, C. D. (2014). Family belongingness, gang friendships, and psychological distress in adolescent achievement.Journal of Counseling Development,92(4), 398-405. Blais, R. K., Renshaw, K. D. (2014). Perceptions of Partners' Attributions for Depression in Relation to Perceptions of Support and Conflict in Romantic Relationships.Journal of marital and family therapy,40(4), 498-508. Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H. (2014). Friendship and romantic stressors and depression in emerging adulthood: Mediating and moderating roles of attachment representations.Journal of Adult Development,21(2), 106-115. Connolly, J., McIsaac, C., Shulman, S., Wincentak, K., Joly, L., Heifetz, M., Bravo, V. (2014). Development of romantic relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Implications for community mental health.Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health,33(1), 7-19. Davila, J., Mattanah, J., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Feinstein, B. A., Eaton, N. R., ... Zhou, J. (2017). Romantic competence, healthy relationship functioning, and well?being in emerging adults.Personal Relationships,24(1), 162-184. Dor, I., O'Loughlin, J. L., Beauchamp, G., Martineau, M., Fournier, L. (2016). Volume and social context of physical activity in association with mental health, anxiety and depression among youth.Preventive medicine,91, 344-350. Fitzpatrick, S., Bussey, K. (2014). The role of perceived friendship self?efficacy as a protective factor against the negative effects of social victimization.Social Development,23(1), 41-60. Goldberg, R. E., Tienda, M. (2017). Adolescent Romantic Relationships in the Digital Age.Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. Ha, T., Dishion, T. J., Overbeek, G., Burk, W. J., Engels, R. C. (2014). The blues of adolescent romance: Observed affective interactions in adolescent romantic relationships associated with depressive symptoms.Journal of abnormal child psychology,42(4), 551-562. Huq, N., Stein, G. L., Gonzalez, L. M. (2016). Acculturation conflict among Latino youth: Discrimination, ethnic identity, and depressive symptoms.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,22(3), 377. Kim, M. K. (2016). Relationship of Multicultural AdolescentsStress, Depression, Family Resilience and Internet Game Addiction.Journal of the Korea Convergence Society,7(1), 205-210. La Greca, A. M., Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression?.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology,34(1), 49-61. Lin, N., Dean, A., Ensel, W. M. (Eds.). (2013).Social support, life events, and depression. Academic Press. Luciano, E. C., Orth, U. (2017). Transitions in romantic relationships and development of self-esteem.Journal of personality and social psychology,112(2), 307. Marengo, D., Rabaglietti, E., Tani, F. (2017). Internalizing Symptoms and Friendship Stability: Longitudinal Actor-Partner Effects in Early Adolescent Best Friend Dyads.The Journal of Early Adolescence, 0272431617704953. Marroqun, B., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2015). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: Close relationships as social context and influence.Journal of personality and social psychology,109(5), 836. Marshal, M. P., Dermody, S. S., Cheong, J., Burton, C. M., Friedman, M. S., Aranda, F., Hughes, T. L. (2013). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and suicidality among heterosexual and sexual minority youth.Journal of youth and adolescence,42(8), 1243-1256. Narr, R. K., Allen, J. P., Tan, J. S., Loeb, E. L. (2017). Close Friendship Strength and Broader Peer Group Desirability as Differential Predictors of Adult Mental Health.Child development. Neff, K. D., Beretvas, S. N. (2013). The role of self-compassion in romantic relationships.Self and Identity,12(1), 78-98. Nesi, J., Prinstein, M. J. (2015). Using social media for social comparison and feedback-seeking: gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms.Journal of abnormal child psychology,43(8), 1427-1438. Okamura, K. H., Ebesutani, C., Bloom, R., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Nakamura, B. J., Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Differences in internalizing symptoms across specific ethnic minority groups: An analysis across Chinese American, Filipino American, Japanese American, native Hawaiian, and white youth.Journal of Child and Family Studies,25(11), 3353-3366. Paetzold, R. L., Rholes, W. S., Kohn, J. L. (2015). Disorganized attachment in adulthood: Theory, measurement, and implications for romantic relationships.Review of General Psychology,19(2), 146. Pelucchi, S., Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., Fincham, F. D. (2015). Self-forgiveness in romantic relationships: 2. Impact on interpersonal forgiveness.Family Science,6(1), 181-190. Reynolds, A. D., Crea, T. M. (2015). Peer influence processes for youth delinquency and depression.Journal of adolescence,43, 83-95. Rholes, W. S. (2017). Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships Jeffry A Simpson and W Steven Rholes 2.Current Opinion in Psychology,13, 19-24. Rice, S. M., Goodall, J., Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Gilbertson, T., Amminger, G. P., ... Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2014). Online and social networking interventions for the treatment of depression in young people: a systematic review.Journal of medical Internet research,16(9). Roberts, J. A., David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners.Computers in Human Behavior,54, 134-141. Salvador, J. G., Devargas, E. C., Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2015). Who are Hispanic youth? Considerations for adolescent addiction clinical research and treatment.Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly,33(3), 348-362. Sartori, G. (2016). THE THEORY OF DENTOCRACY REVISITED.Democracy: A Reader, 192. Sharabi, L. L., Delaney, A. L., Knobloch, L. K. (2016). In their own words: How clinical depression affects romantic relationships.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,33(4), 421-448. Smokowski, P. R., Bacallao, M. L., Cotter, K. L., Evans, C. B. (2015). The effects of positive and negative parenting practices on adolescent mental health outcomes in a multicultural sample of rural youth.Child Psychiatry Human Development,46(3), 333-345. Soller, B. (2014). Caught in a bad romance: Adolescent romantic relationships and mental health.Journal of health and social behavior,55(1), 56-72. Stein, G. L., Polo, A. J. (2014). Parentchild cultural value gaps and depressive symptoms among Mexican American youth.Journal of Child and Family Studies,23(2), 189-199. Thomas, K. K., Bowker, J. C. (2015). Rejection sensitivity and adjustment during adolescence: Do friendship self-silencing and parent support matter?.Journal of Child and Family Studies,24(3), 608-616.

International Dimensions of Business Essay Example

International Dimensions of Business Paper For the final task of this unit, I will be critically appraising the advantages and disadvantages of the growth and influence of a MNC (multi-national company) of my choice. With this, I will be examining the strategic reasons for expansion whilst examining the impact it would have/has on a developing host country in terms of factors such as consumers choice, employment rates, individuals/citizens, other businesses (competition), etc. Finally, I will also be assessing the impact it has on developed host countries and the impact it would have on their governments. The business I have decided to choose is Ryan Air because as I have been working on it throughout this unit, I believe I will find it easier to relate certain to topics and theories to it. Strategic Reasons why RyanAir Expanded For the first part of this task, I will be giving strategic reasons why RyanAir decided to expand internationally. First and foremost, most basic reason why RyanAir must have wanted to expand internationally is because that is the concept of what flight services are, going from one country to another consistently and safely and as this is RyanAirs service there was basically no other choice but to expand. However. Below are some other basic strategic reasons as to why they may have decided to expand. Geographic Diversion (RyanAir) Geographic diversion is a situation where businesses purposefully aim to spread their risks by moving into overseas markers and could very well have been a factor in RyanAirs decision to act as a international company. We will write a custom essay sample on International Dimensions of Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Dimensions of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Dimensions of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Geographic decisions is used in particular cases where a business has saturated their home market just like RyanAir seem have done with the UK and so therefore use large markets overseas in which they would be able to build a competitive market. So for example, if RyanAirs sales and number of passengers started to fall in the UK, the success being enjoyed in other countries would banish the risk being held to RyanAir as a company. Pursing a Global Logic (RyanAir) The second strategic reason why RyanAir may have decided to expand is to pursue a global logic this meaning to identify a condition in the market that requires a company to adopt a global strategy. This means that because of the nature of the market, that expanding is the only sensible thing to do and that definitely applies to RyanAir because air flights are a global service and so by expanding across Europe RyanAir were able to spread their costs over millions of more customers. The Temptations of Overseas Markets (RyanAir) Despite the UK having quite a large and very well structured market, the temptations of larger markets such as Germany and Russia may have been what tempted RyanAir to expand across European waters and even though these countries may not be as economically advanced as the UK nor is the average wage as high, RyanAirs low fares are likely to stop this being a problem. To increase Profits (RyanAir) Moving abroad to make best use of existing resources is probably one of the best decisions a business today can make because for example, a company that spends a great deal of money on research and development will find that they can actually spread the cost over a much larger output by selling in a wider market which would eventually lead to higher profits which is one of the main aims of any business and most definitely appeals to RyanAir. Advantages of Becoming a MNC There are many advantages to come from being a one-country business into a multi-nation corporation, for this part of the task I will now be explaining in great detail some of the advantages that benefited or that will benefit RyanAir in the future from becoming an MNC. Below is a table of some = of the advantages that come from being an MNC related to RyanAir. By becoming an MNC, RyanAir have given themselves the opportunity to benefit from them the growing world market for goods and services. This is part of the process of globalisation which is the rapid growth of similar goods services produced and distributed by MNEs on a world scale and despite RyanAir only being a European company, their flights and air service still has a big part to play and this and so the company would definitely benefit. Another benefit that would come from being an MNC to RyanAir is that they are giving themselves a higher chance of the basic risks and uncertainties of the free trade cycle that they face from within their own economy. This is because the more they spread their influence of other nations through their service just like they have done on the UK, they are then able to spread their risks along the way. One of the biggest benefits is that operating abroad provides RyanAir with the perfect opportunity to respond to the increased foreign competition that is continuously rising and protect their own European market share. When other foreign multi-national companies (airlines) begin to compete in a particular MNE market that RyanAir is involved in, this gives them the incentive to expand into new markets. Being an MNC also allows RyanAir to overcome tariff walls from within the United Kingdom. Of course, being an MNC gives RyanAir a wider range of customers to target and choose from as they give nearly everyone around Europe the options of using their service as opposed to just restricting themselves to the UK which gives them a higher chance of obtaining a larger customer base year after year. Above are just some of the advantages and benefits that RyanAir would have been able to enjoy from operating as a multi-national co-operation that would have given the company itself a greater chance of success and more international recognition. How RyanAir becoming an MNC affects less developed/developing Countries I will now be discussing how RyanAir becoming a multi-national company would affect less developed countries or developing countries in which they operate and what impact it would create on them. Because RyanAir only operate in Europe, it would be very difficult to say how they affect less developed countries (3rd world countries) because near to none of these exist in Europe however I can say what impact they would have on developing countries (2nd world countries) because many of these exist in Eastern Europe, countries such as Bosnia, Serbia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Russia, etc and RyanAir operate in all of them. The elements in which I will be discussing how RyanAir affect these nations will be broken down into factors such as customer choice, employment, competition and the environment. Consumer Choice/Individuals No matter the state of the economy or government, having a wide choice available is always a benefit to the citizens of that nation, but possible particularly more so for people in developing countries than in higher developed countries. Nearly all of Western Europe is filled more economically developed countries such as Spain, Portugal, England, France, etc. however having a wider choice available (in this case of flights) would definitely be more valuable to those living in Eastern Europe and I will now explain why. Many things can be determined in different countries by the state of their economies and whether they belong to the first, second or third world category these factors include things such as standard of living and average wage. When there is a wider choice of options available regardless of the field of product or service, more often than not this results in lower pricing because all the businesses try to compete and gain the largest customer base and the largest market share so prices fall considerable in order for this to be achieved. Along with this, people living in Eastern Europe live in developing countries such as Bosnia and Serbia (2nd world countries) and so the average wage of the population would be considerably lower than that of those living in Eastern Europe and so because of this an increase in customer choice which is what RyanAir would bring in terms of flights would increase the likelihood of prices of flights falling because it is increased competition and so this would be more valuable to those with lower average wages Eastern Europeans especially with a business like RyanAir who already offer cheap flights naturally. So to summarise, RyanAir operating in developing countries such as these would definitely be hugely beneficial to the people because not only do they get a wider choice to choose from, but this would also result in lower flights for them which is great all round and could not have been achieved had RyanAir never became an MNC. Employment Employment is another factor that would definitely be affected by RyanAir operating in developing European countries and in a very positive way. One of the factors that possibly block developing countries from reaching their full potential is unemployment levels. Put very simply, RyanAir operating in countries like these would not only benefit RyanAir but also the countries themselves because with their introduction and existence across parts of the countries, then this opens up a whole new range of jobs which can only be taken by citizens of those countries without harming the position of anyone elses jobs. So in conclusion, RyanAir working in developing countries in no doubt benefits them in terms of employment simply because without threatening the jobs of those already working, it opens up positions for those who arent which brings down employment levels with that country(s). Other Businesses/Competition In terms of the developing countries as a whole, RyanAirs operations definitely do much to improve their economy and economies of scales in terms of flights, however their work in these countries would probably bring some worry to the existing airlines in these countries. A business that operates in a monopoly market has a much greater chance of success because as they are the only business that provides that certain product/service, then they have no risk of losing customers or a change in demand however as competition increases and similar businesses in the same field begin to enter that market, than a business moves further and further away from the monopoly market they crave to be involved in. For example, Poland is a developing European nation and one of the countries in which RyanAir carries out its operations so for a polish airline such as LOT which has been one of Polands leading airlines for many years, this brings much negative news and disadvantages because now they have the added pressure/threat of holding off Europes leading low fare airline to retain their strong customer base. However, in turn this may cause them to act in a more efficient and productive manner in order to ensure that all customers are tempted to remain with them and if this is the effect that RyanAir will cause on developing countries airlines than that it is extremely positive for those countries and their economies however very negative for already existing airlines within that country. However, in turn I believe that this is more valuable to developing countries as opposed to already developed countries because the sign of a strong economy/country is healthy business competition which would help any country in terms of development so the existence of RyanAir within Eastern European developing nations can definitely help contribute towards this. The Environment As organisations enter other countries they may have a significant effect on the environment. Some multi-nationals have been heavily criticised for the social cost of their activities. A particular criticism that has come from MNCs entering is that multi-nationals employ double standards in their activities/operations which is a big concern to RyanAir because it could potentially damage the good image it has build for itself across Europe over the years. A concern is that MNCs may transfer or pass some of their manufacturing operations to economies that do not have such strict environmental rules and standards and so see it as an opportunity to effectively export pollution (in the case of RyanAir) from richer countries onto poorer countries, e. . Germany to Macedonia. This would be an idea used to possibly avoid the complications and protests that would come from polluting richer countries as this is where it would be much more noticed by environmentalists and so if RyanAir were to be caught being involved activities such as these. It would not only completely tarnish their image as a friendly airline but it would also completely destroy the trust built up by passengers, especially those in the environments which have been affected. Assessing the Impact on Developed Host Countries (RyanAir) Just like I did so whilst explaining the impact that RyanAir has on less developed/developing countries, I will now do the same but instead explain the impact it has on already highly developed countries. RyanAir limits its operations to all of Europe and because of this they work in many developed countries (1st World countries) mainly coming from Western Europe such as England, Spain, France, Portugal, Germany, Italy and of course their parent country The Republic of Ireland and so I will now discuss how the existence of RyanAir working in these parent countries affects them. Employment Unemployment is a situation that arises everyone despite and will always exist, in some countries more so than others but nevertheless it will also be a global problem. As I described earlier, the existence of RyanAir in developing countries is probably more important and valuable to them than it is to developed countries in terms of employment because even though RyanAir operating in both creates jobs in both sets of countries, fuller employment in developing countries would contribute to them developing quicker which of course is more of a priority to them then already developed countries. However, after completing some secondary research I found that most of the higher unemployment levels throughout Europe come from the more developed countries and so in the sense of helping to banish this problem, RyanAir would definitely contribute maybe not much but their need for workers would be high.

The Health and Mental Effects of Cannabis essays

The Health and Mental Effects of Cannabis essays Controversy has been revolving around cannabis for decades, but the plant itself has been in existence for centuries. The plant as a whole has many different uses from medicinal, to recreational, to industrial. Cannabis uses stretch from treating glaucoma patients all the way to making durable clothing. Marijuana, as it is also known, has been in use as far back as ancient times for its psychoactive effects as well as for its great healing properties, and continues to be used to the present day. Many myths and unknowns still exist around this plant despite many years of extensive testing, especially regarding the health and mental aspects of the plants usage. According to research, smoking cannabis is healthier than smoking tobacco, and the mental affects are relatively harmless and temporary. On the health side of the spectrum, marijuana has constantly been compared against tobacco. Approximately twenty years ago the United States Government did extensive research on the two plants in comparison to one another. However, those studies blatantly favored tobacco in the way that they were conducted in order to dampen the consumption of cannabis. Due to the efforts of various federal agencies to discourage the use of marijuana in the 1970s the government, in a fit of reefer madness, conducted several biased studies designed to return results that would equate marijuana smoking with tobacco smoking, or worse (Dudley 1999). For example, the Berkeley carcinogenic tar studies of the late 1970s concluded that marijuana is one-and-a-half times as carcinogenic as tobacco (Dudley 1999). This finding was based solely on the tar content of the leaves of cannabis plants compared to that of tobacco plants, and also didnt take into consideration the fact that tobacco is grown with carcinogenic radioactive fertilizers to hasten its harvest. In addition, it was ...

A Comparison of Chuang Tzu's Ideas of Life and Death with those of Essay

A Comparison of Chuang Tzu's Ideas of Life and Death with those of Socrates - Essay Example You-Sheng revisited the Chuang Tzu’s argument that through the inaction of heaven, which is purity and that of the earth, which is space, things are brought to existence and are transformed mysteriously (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 14). He went further to explain that it is through this inaction that the living things have the mercy to grow and develop. One is born by chance, but once alive, death is imminent. Therefore, the essay is a comparison of Chuang Tzu ideas of life and death with those of Socrates. Chuang Tzu Ideas of Life and Death Watson examined Chuang Tzu’s basic writings to outline his ideas about life and death. He argues that during old age, the mind comes closer to death and probably nothing could restore the life to light (Watson, 1996, p. 32). Significantly, this comes as an automatic consequence of aging; therefore no one should be afraid of death. As a result, the people are in constant struggle and worry during their life, because they have to toil for the ir daily bread, and think that at one time, the life would be terminated (Watson, 1996, p. 32). Life and death, according to Tzu are fated and bound to happen (Watson, 1996, p. 76). In this regard, he equates their relationship to the succession between dark and down, through compulsion. As the dark nears its end, a new dawn succeeds it, meaning that as life nears its end, death dawns (Watson, 1996, p. 76). ... 77). In essence, he attributes death to a means of change, and since everything is constantly changing, no one has the capability of preventing the change from changing. Therefore, we should accept the facts related to change, and welcome it when it reaches, and there would not be anything to fear about death. Moreover, according to his conviction, in the beginning and end, early death, old age, and at all levels of human development, he/she should be delightful (Watson, 1996, p. 77). Apparently, the belief makes us believe that life that life and death are equal, not any important than the other (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 37). As well, the argument suggests that the people should be aware that at one moment, perhaps after birth, he/she is bound to die, through whichever means. Therefore, he attributed death to an automatic exit from the known world to unknown world, where only Tao has good knowledge about (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 39). Drawing from the Masters’ agreement, he argues that this is something that one should believe (Watson, 1996, p. 80). This is justified from his acknowledgement that non-being is actually someone’s head, life is someone’s back and death is someone’s rump. In another controversial question, he wanted to know whether life and death are all one body (Watson, 1996, p. 80). In reality, there is a common belief that once a person is dead, the aspects of life cease to manifest on the body. The body becomes helpless, lifeless and useless to perform any function. Therefore, life and death, despite being very far apart from one another, are simply one. For instance, life results to death and they can never manifest together, each does distinctively. He also put

Accounting Ethics Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting Ethics Case - Essay Example In this case, the company’s expenses had been reported in the balance sheet as an asset. The error in turn made the company look more profitable by reducing the expenses in the income statement and increasing the assets in the balance sheets. As a result, they approached the former CFO of the company, Scott D. Sullivan, who instructed them to cover up the mistake. Fearful of losing their jobs, the two followed the instructions. The issue presented in the case of Troy Normand is one of the many ethical issues affecting employees and companies today. Other includes Ethical decision-making, governance, corporate culture, and corporate social responsibility. Employees acting on behalf of the company have an ethical duty to act in the best interest of stakeholders including being transparent. Employees finding themselves in Normand’s situation can take a number of alternative courses of actions and trade-offs. The best course of action is to act in the best interest of stakeholders by refusing to cover up the mistake and instead insist on making corrections. Increase pressure from top management is usually an indication of fraud in the company. If this does not work, an employee can resolve to whistleblowing at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), whose official name was the â€Å"Public Company Accounting Reform and Investment Protection Act of 2002†. It provides protection for whistleblowers (Spedding, pp. 289). It also imposes criminal penalties for actions taken against whistleblowers. This act recognizes that these people require protection as their careers when reporting suspected illegal activities in a company (Brenkert, pp. 600). Ethical issues are crucial to the success of any company also affects stakeholders. Major stakeholders who can be negatively affected by actions taken by employees as seen in the case of WorldCom include investors and

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of Essay - 1

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of sustainable development. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example s individuals have become increasingly aware of fragile environment and the need to promote utility of the individual not met them as well is generated at the same time. As a function of seeking to answer the degree and extent to which current policies is development are assisting future generations the following analysis will consider three case study involving pollution, global warming, precise as a function of seeking to answer this broader overarching question. It is the further hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion and analysis will be beneficial with regards to representing the reality in which the current world exists is further utility and sustainability of the plan as well as the individuals that call it home currently those that will one day live upon. Further, even though a global level of understanding relates to this specific topic, a level of analysis will be provided on Singapore; allowing for a more individualized and focused analysis. Firstly, with respect to the issue of recycling, it can be noted that current policies of sustainable development encourage recycling as a means of ensuring that the same level of resources will be available future generations as are currently available. Great progress has been made with respect to encouraging recycling and in some cases incentivizing; actually paying firms and/or individuals to dispose of their waists in a responsible manner so that this process will gain a degree of traction and, reinforce behavior that is exhibited elsewhere throughout society. However, there is a fundamental drawback with respect to the way in which recycling programs are being throughout the developed world. One of the most prominent of these has to do with the fact that recycling programs are not mandatory. Accordingly, those individuals that the recycling is either a hassle or useless towards improving their own lives will not integrated with an continue to dispose of garbage and other waste and an

History and assessment of massage therapy

History and assessment of massage therapy Massage therapy is the manipulation of the soft tissue on the body by a practitioner through the movement of their hands and arms as well as advanced techniques. Massage has been used to help people relax as well as a way to help treat minor ailments as a complement to other medication or treatment. As A Whirlwind Tour through the entire History of Massage webpage states Massage is a universal instinct. From the day they descended from the trees, humans have known that it helps to rub a sore limb and that to touch is beneficial. So since then we have used and developed the skills and techniques through the years into the massage routines we see and use today. History of Massage; Throughout ancient history many different countries have been using massage and developing their skills as well as passing these down through the years. They have been borrowed, stolen and shared through different times as well as different places geographically around the world, many of the different types of massages resemble each other as techniques have been copied, borrowed and shared. Pre-historic people used to practise some forms of therapeutic touch or massage as there has been evidence to suggest that they used to massage their muscles and rub herbs and oils onto their bodies to help with healing or to protect as this has been found in caveman paintings and drawings showing the giving and receiving of massage. After then the next stage that has been recorded in history to show the major use of massage where the Chinese in around 3000BC in a book called Con Fou of the Tao-Tse. As mentioned in the eBook History of Massage, Therapies Rules in China for years, blind people where the main masseurs. According to A Whirlwind Tour Through the entire history of Massage Chinese writing dates from around 1400BC, near the start of the Shang dynasty, and it from around this time that we can reliably date massage. It was in China that the first exam in massage was sat about fifteen hundred years later as an addition to the occult studies schools. Around the same times as China the Egyptians also used massage and this has been depicted in tomb paintings of individuals being Kneaded by others. The Japaneses received their knowledge from China through the study of Buddhism and soon customised the techniques which became known as anma, which later became Japanese Shiatsu. According to The history of Massag e: Learn How Massage Dates Back over 5,000 Years Ago The primary goal of Shiatsu is to raise the energy level in the patient. In turn, this increased energy level regulates and fortifies the functioning of the organs and stimulates natural resistance to illnesses. The practitioners use a variety of techniques to pressure points on the body to balance the energies and work without needles or other equipment to do so. However, some sources believe India was practicing massage before the Egyptians and the Chinese while others believe they might have acquired it from China a little later so the dates of when India first started to use any forms of massage range from around 3000BC to between 1.800-500BC. Massage in India is referred to in ancient Hindu books such as Ayurveda (Art of Life) which was written around 1800BC. It describes how movements such as shampooing and rubbing were used to relieve tiredness, increase energy levels and improve general health. Francesca Gould in Body Massage for Holistic Therapists (2004). After this stage in history the next step in the time line is around 2000BC when the Greeks and Romans first started to use massage in the early foundations of their civilisations. The ancient Greeks used the knowledge from the Egyptians massage techniques, and it was given to the athletes, women and soldiers as described in History of Massage, Therapies Rules. The Greeks wrote many books on massage including some written by Homer, Aesculapius, Herodotus and Hippocrates who was the Father of Medicine. It was the Greeks who used to rub up the body towards the heart to help the venous and lymph in that direction, they also used this technique to move sickness towards the centre of the body to where is can be expelled with the waste materials. The Romans however used massage as more of an indulgence than as a medical therapy; it was saved for those who could pay for it. The Romans received massage from the Greeks and enjoyed bathing before a full body massage and it was said that even Julius Caesar was pinched every day. The Roman gladiators were vigorously massaged before fights to make sure their muscles where warmed up and supple. Galen was the main figure in Rome for massage but he was actually Greek, according to A Whirlwind Tour through the History of Massage he lived from 130AD to 201AD and he acquired his knowledge of anatomy and physiology through working with the gladiators. Massage then was used as an alternative for exercise to help relive their excessive eating and drinking. Massage was used throughout the different tribes in North America before the Europeans arrived, some tribes would massage/rub down their warriors before and after battle or rub ointments into ailing joints or muscles. Massage has also been seen through a variety of different countries through history including those such as Persia, Kurdistan, Thailand, Tibet, Indonesia and Hawaii. The most recent history of massage can be seen is western civilisation. The earliest record was written by Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) but he was ridiculed for his publication. However by the time Henrik Ling (1776-1839) became the father of modern western massage it had become less of a ridicule. As the History of Massage, Therapies rules tell us Henrik Ling once put. We ought not to consider the organs of the body as the lifeless forms of a mechanical mass, he wrote, but as the living, active instruments of the soul. And through this he finally developed the system known as Swedish massage. Massage has now moved back towards the old holistic attributes instead of the physiological attributes so we are back to seeing massage in the same way as the ancient Chinese, Egyptians and Greeks once saw the therapy. As reported by The Massage Bible, during the first World War injured soldiers were treated with massage, while the Californian bodywork movement in the 1960s combined massage with personal growth. There are many different kinds of massage practiced today all over the world and many of them can be received by almost anyone unless they have a specific reason that it cannot be preformed. There are a few different people who have been in the forefront of massage in modern history and those are Cornelius E. Who is the Father of massage in the USA, David Palmer, the Father of chair massage, Dr Tiffany Fields, the Mother of massage research and Jack Meagher the Father of sports massage. In figure I. In the appendices is a time line of the history of massage along with the cre ation and history of other therapies this has been take from the eBook History of Massage, Therapies Rules. Massage Principles and Holistic Experience: To decide if massage is a holistic therapy first of all we need to know what holistic means and according to thefreedictionary.com Holistic means Concerned with wholes rather than analysis or separation into parts. And with this definition we shall determine whether or not massage is a holistic experience. A massage whether it is a Swedish, Shiatsu or any other form of massage moves across the whole surface of the skin missing only a few vital places which are left for either health and safety reasons or due to the intimacy of the area. Most massages that even just incorporate one certain area such as an Indian head massage or even reflexology they all use different points of that area to correspond with different areas or energies upon the body. With different energies running throughout in specific channels which move around the entire body, when a massage is preformed to the whole body or even just a small portion of the body such as the hands, feet or head all the energies are involved which in turn incorporates the body as a whole. With this in mind a massage can be believed to be Holistic as this matches with the definition of holistic in taking the body as a whole instead of a separation of its individual parts. There is only one reason as to not treat a certain part of the body and that is due to a contra-indication such as pregnancy where you would not touch or massage the abdominal area or is say someone had a fungal infection upon their feet you would not massage their feet and would move onto the next step of the massage itself. These contra-indications could be on a temporary basis or they could be permanent and therefore this client would not be able to receive a treatment. There are some contra-indications such as cancer, epilepsy and a few others which would need a doctors approval before a treatment could be carried out upon the client for insurance reasons. For example for epilepsy if you do not know the trigger for a seizure and you had not received a doctors approval for the treatment and the client unfortunately had a seizure upon your table then the client might decide to sue the practitioner for causing this, this is why doctors approval is sought. Due to the Health and Safety at work act 1974 all employers and employees must maintain a high standard of health and safety in the work place as described in F. Goulds Body Massage for Holistic Therapists. Employers are responsible for the health and safety of anyone who enters their premises. If an employer has more than five employees, the work place must have a health and safety policy, of which all staff must be aware. There are many different procedures in the work place that all employees must adhere to such as the first aid and fire procedures, all employees should know where the first aid kits and fire extinguishers/ exits are located within the building for the safely of themselves and the clients, It is advisable however, that all practitioners are first aid qualified themselves in the event of an emergency. From the clients point of view the practitioner should know these things as well as have a basic understanding of personal hygiene in the sense of washing their hands properly, being of a clean and presentable appearance and be dressed appropriately for the treatment. This is due to the intimate nature of the massage with the close skin to skin contact as strong smelling perfumes or strong body odour can be very unpleasant for the client. A general knowledge of health and safety is beneficial for the example to clean up spillages as and when they happen as to avoid trips, slips and falls of either the client or yourself. A good general idea of protecting your equipment is ideal as oils and creams can become a hazard if left un-cleaned from the treatment table as this could cause a slip or the degrading of your equipment such as the vinyl of the table tops. For insurance purposes the practitioner must ensure that they do not perform a massage while they are unwell or when the client is contagious due to the spread of infection and should always wear gloves if they have any open areas upon their hands. This is for their own protection and that of the client as to not pass anything between them or onto any other client from the previous client. However it is also important to know if the client is well enough to receive the treatment, for this the practitioner must refer to the contraindication lists to see whether or not the client is acceptable to treat. The client should also be aware that at any point the practitioner is legally allowed to refuse treatment for withholding information or for unacceptable behaviour. The practitioner must also get the permission off the client at all times before a treatment if they can touch the client themselves, and they must ensure the client understands this and what is going to happen during the tr eatment for insurance purposes for the protection of both the client and practitioner. Personal safety for the practitioner is also important; these include the correct posture and the compression of the wrists. If either of these are incorrect then the practitioner later in their career could cause themselves more pain due to repetitive strain on the joints and could cause more damage if continued. To help prevent this the right table height should be selected for the practitioner as well as the correct foot wear to help with posture, also the right hand movements should be followed to help prevent the compression of the wrists. The most important piece of safety a practitioner should adhere to is their own safety when working with a client on their own such as a residential call or even in their own rooms at their treatment centre. If doing a residential call then the practitioner should only really perform these on clients that already know, they have a personal phone number for and they should always make sure someone knows where they are at which times and check i n after the appointment with either a family member or work colleague to show they are safe. If they get a new client after a residential call they should always follow the rules of asking for the residential phone number and insist upon phoning the day before the treatment to see if they still wish to receive the treatment. Making the treatment of a client a positive experience is one of the most important parts of making a massage holistic, the practitioner should look after their clients making sure they are comfortable with what is going on whether they are new or long term clients. To be a massage practitioner you should have excellent customer service skills, client care should be the most important thing to remember and should always be used every day with every client, the client should believe that the practitioner cares. The practitioner should always consult with the client and devise a treatment plan to suite the clients and stick to this plan unless anything changes in the circumstances with the client as well as receiving permission from the client for the practitioner to touch them during the treatment. During the treatment the discussion should be at a comfortable level for the client but also low enough for the client to relax and enjoy the treatment. After care should always be adhered to and offered to the client with a small encouragement of lifestyle changes if needed for the clients needs. Effects of Massage including the Physiological and psychological effects upon the client: Massage even though it is a holistic experience has been seen to have an effect of other areas of the human body and not just as a way to relax; a massage has been seen to show that it has both physiological and psychological effect upon the clients. Physiological effects are those which are shown upon the body itself and its function whereas psychological effects are those which manifest themselves in the mind and the emotions of the client. There are many different outcomes which could manifest for both on the anatomy and the body systems. In two different clinical trials that have been preformed independently of each other there is a show of the two different effects received after a massage treatment, one for the Physiological effects and one for the psychological effects. In the first trial the objective was to see if the early intervention with massage in children with Down syndrome would help with the motor skills and muscle tone. So parents with children suffering from Down syndrome where asked to attend one of two early intervention classes, one class was a body massage session and the other a reading session after a base line had been assessed upon their severity of the syndrome, some children were not used if sever mobility where involved or they had emotional problems as this might interfere with the trial. Twelve of the children were assigned to the massage sessions and eleven to the control reading session, so in overall there where twenty one children involved in this trial. Each session was scheduled for the same times each week and specific times of the day for both classes, and each session was on an individual basis, the sessions lasted for half an hour each, twice a week for two months, while the reading session was conducted the same way with the therapist holding the child while reading for the half an hour. This was the treatment that the children received in the following sequence: The 30-minute massage therapy session started with the child lying on a small mat on the floor. The therapist conducted the following sequence three times with the child in a supine position: Legs and feet-(a) while forming hands like a letter C and wrapping the fingers around the childs leg, long, milking and twisting strokes from the thigh to the ankles; (b) massaging foot by gliding thumbs across bottom of foot followed by squeezing and tugging each toe; (c) massaging across top of foot by gliding thumbs from ankle to toes; (d) flexing and extending the foot; (e) massaging from ankle to foot and back to ankle; (f) stroking from the ankle up towards the thigh; and (g) back and forth rolling movements (as if making a rope from dough) from the ankle to the thigh. Stomach-(a) slow, circular, rubbing movements to stomach area with one hand; (b) using the palms, hand over hand down the stomach in a paddlewheel fashion; (c) starting with thumbs together at the umbilicus, stroking horizontally to sides of body and then twice above and twice below the umbilicus; (d) using fingertips and starting below the umbilicus on the childs right side, small circular upward movements until even with the umbilicus, then continuing across to the left side, and then down on the left side to below the umbilicus; (e) with one hand following the other, short upward stroking from right side below the umbilicus, then Massage and Down syndrome 401 across the umbilicus to the left side of the body, and then down on the left side to below the umbilicus; and (f) cupping or holding sides of knees, bending both knees simultaneously towards the stomach and holding for three to five seconds. Chest-(a) with palms of hands on childs sternum, stroking outward across chest; (b) starting at sternum, stroking upwards and over tops of shoulders and down the sides of the ribs; and (c) starting at the right thigh, stroking diagonally through the chest to the opposite shoulder and back down to the same thigh; repeat starting at the left thigh; Arms and hands-same as legs and feet (i.e. replace legs with arms and feet with hands). Face-(a) making small circles to entire scalp (as if shampooing hair); (b) with flats of thumbs together on midline of forehead, stroking outward towards the temples; (c) stroking gently over the eyes and brows; (d) starting at the bridge of the nose, stroking across the cheekbones to the ears; and (e) making circular movements under the chin, around the jaw line, around the ears, to the back of the neck and the rest of the scalp. The following sequences were done after placing the children on their stomach (in a prone position). Back-applying oil to the hands: (a) starting at the top of the spine, alternating hand strokes across the back working down towards the tail bone (never pressing the spine) and reaching over to include the sides; (b) hand over hand movements from upper back to hips with flats of hands and then continuing to feet; (c) using circular motion with fingertips, from neck to hips stroking over the long muscles next to the spine and retracing on the other side of the spine; (d) making circular strokes with the palm of the hand to rub the tops of the shoulders; and (e) ending with long gliding strokes from the neck to the feet. As was described in the journal Children with Down syndrome improved in motor functioning and muscle tone following massage therapy (2006). The trial was held at the childrens early intervention pre-school centres, while the test was run by the university of Miami school of medicine. The results of this trial show that there was a greater gain for the results of the children who where massaged in their sessions than to those who where read too. The improvements were shown in the gross motor skills and fine motor skills development of the children as well as a marginal effect in their language development. This then showed that through the early intervention with massage it could help children with Down syndrome enhance their motor development at a faster rate than if they were left to mature in their own way. These results help to show that massage can have a physiological effect upon the body in helping to produce and enhance muscle tone. However, there is the argument that another control group could have been added into the trial to help show whether this is successful or not is a control group that uses light stokes instead of a pressure massage to help with the ethical problems of withholding the intervention from those in the reading session. This was all shown in the clinical trial journal of Children with Down syndrome improved in motor functioning and muscle tone following massage therapy (2006) which is located in the appendices. The second trial is to determine whether or not massage can have a psychological effect on the client and for this the trial was preformed for the Association of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Nurses (2009). The aim of this trial was to reduce symptoms of children with cancer and to reduce the anxiety of their parents. Children with cancer, ages 1 to 18 years, received at least 2 identical cycles of Chemotherapy, and one parent, participated in the 2- period crossover design in which 4 weekly massage sessions alternated with 4 weekly quiet-time control Sessions. As described in the article Massage Therapy for Children with Cancer (2009). To determine if the massage was helping to relieve the psychological symptoms of anxiety in the parents and the symptoms of the children while the trial was progressing they measured everyones heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol level as well as their pain, nausea, anxiety, and fatigue levels. According to the results of this trial the massage was more effective in reducing heart rate than quiet time in the children, the anxiety in the children aged fourteen and older and the anxiety in the adults. The clients all commented upon how the massage rather than the quiet time helped with their anxiety and helped them feel better. So due to their result it is feasible to massage children with cancer and their parents to help relieve their anxiety. Therefore this result helps to show that massage to the body can have a psychological effect upon the client in this sense it has reduced the anxiety of the both the children and the parents although in the younger babies the results did vary a little more than the other ages, but the results of the older children and the adults help to prove that just a massage on its own can have a psychological effect upon the human body. The trial that this assessment was based upon is located in the appendices as clinical trial 2. So both of these trials show that massage can had a successful outcome on the physiological and psychological effects portrayed on the body, they both proved that through a short massage the body can manifest its effects through muscle tone or motor function progression as well as to reduce anxiety in both children and adults. Neither of these two trials have a negative out come and therefore both are a success but there shall be a few trials where massage has not appeared to be successful at all or shows that it is a little less successful than anticipated, these however are normal and show both sides to an ongoing argument about whether massage is actually good for the body, mind and spirit on a whole or if it just theoretically works on the body.